I am probably not a good example of how to build one on a budget. There are lots of examples of how to do a build-out in the AH4C and ADBTuner threads. On the plus side, you can start small and scale. It started out as an experiment and turned into an obsession.
I am just north of $500 all in for my four-tuner setup. I am using AppleTVs as the "tuners". There are a lot cheaper options. But I had four of them sitting in a box in my garage, so made sense for me. Also, I have Spectrum cable, and AFAIK the Android based streamers don't support that app without additional efforts. I opted for four individual encoders vs a 4-channel version. I have three of the U-Ray 4K boxes and one of the ENC1-V3. The U-Rays are better, but not much and not worth the extra cost IMO.
The result is a better solution than the TVE that it replaced. 1) I get ALL the channels, not just the ones that support TVE; 2) My particular solution tunes a bit faster; 3) The picture (overall) is better and certainly more consistent across all the channels; and 4) It has been just as reliable for me as the TVE experience. I have been up and running without issue for over 9 months now.
All that said, If it weren't for the webm/opus encoding, I would probable still be using the CC4C and have a few extra dollars to spend on some other silly project. I may tinker with it more seeing that you seamed to have solved the encoding part.
The hardware HDMI encoder picture is better for sure, but what I was getting was really pretty good. Based on your posts, I think the biggest difference in experience may be due to me using a streaming service (Spectrum), versus bodging up all the individual TVE links.
Anyway, hope something in there is useful for you.